Driver secebilmek icin oncelikle kabin/butce ve yapmak istediginiz hoparlorun hangi ozelliklere sahip olmasini isteyerek 2 yollu (2 driverli), 3 yollu veya daha degisik birsey olduguna karar vermelisiniz. Daha farkli opsiyonlar da mevcut ama oncelikle basit olanlari anlatmak gerekli. Bir tiz ve bir woofer/bas unitesini iceren tasarimla basladigimizi fark edersek, cogu woofer / midbass ismi ile anilan unitenin tiz unitesi ile birlesmesi kolaydir. Woofer`larin subwoofer olanlari ve pro kategorisinde seslendirme icin kullanilan buyuk boyutlu olanlari daha derin subsonic adi verilen frekanslara inebilmektedir. Yani 3 yollu bir hoparlor yaparak duyabilme yetimizin izin verdigi araligi kolayca yakalayabilirsiniz. Bass ses uretmek icin koninin capinin buyuk olmasi gereklidir. Genellikle cokca sahtekarlik yapilan konulardan biri kucuk unitelerden cok buyuk bass ses gelebildigi yalanidir. Oysa olcumlere maximum 50hz civarlarinda bump yani tepecik olarak gorunen, uretebildigi son frekanslarda sizi kandiracak bir hesaplama yapmaktadirlar. Frekans olarak uretebilmeniz ve bunu eforsuz, duyulabilir yukseklikte yapabilmeniz icin koninizin ne yazik ki minimum 10inch olmasi gerekiyor. Cm olarak kullanmanin bir manasi yok olculerimizi, cunku inch olarak bunlari bilmek zorundasiniz.
2 yollu tasarimimizin butcesini 500$ kabul edersek bu bize piyasada satilan minumum 2000$ degerindeki hoparlor kalitesinde sonuc getirecektir. Daha once dedigim gibi hoparloru 10$`a da 100.000$`a da mal edebilmeniz mumkun. Secim size ait.
You have to learn the meaning of the word Driver, it means naked loudspeaker. First you have to decide how big your loudspeaker will be, how your wife will accept it and how your budget handle it. 2 way (2 driver) or 3 way (3 driver, and also there are 2.5 and other concepts but not right now). Most of the first diy stuff is based on 2 way designs. This means you nees a woofer, or mid/woofer, and a tweeter driver. Mid woofer meaning middle frequencies and also has some good bass in it too. Most of the time a midwoof and a tweeter blended more easy because upper frequencies are already present in the bass unit. There is another category which I should be telling you about, which is called Subwoofers , they include subsonic frequencies (good eneregy under 80hz). If you build a build a 3 way system as an option you could easily reach deep bass easily. Good bass comes from big cones. This is a physics law. Small but great bass response drivers usually deceive the listener with their ~80hz bump on frequency response. Never has enough energy and cone surface to create 50hz or below. Minimum 10 inch of drivers usually produce such frequencies in reasonable budgets. If we accept the budget of our 2 way system as $500 you probably get $2000 worth of hifi out of it if built properly. Like I said before you could build a loudspeaker for $10 or a simple nice 100.0000$. The range is stupid big. All the choices will be up to you.
Frekansi belirli klasik driverlar-Frequency specific classic drivers:
Woofer: Woofer ve midwooferlar ortalama 3 inch ile 12 inch arasinda hifi dunyasinda kullanilmaktalar. Ohm hesaplarini veya koni materyallerinden bahsetmek de gerekli. Tiz unitelerinin ohm hesaplari elbette onlarin devreleri icin onemli, ama wooferin ona oranla cok daha buyuk olan bobininin ohmaj hesabini unutmamak gerekiyor. Yani ayni driverdan 3 tane 4 tane alip hepsini ohm hesabi yapmadan paralel olarak baglarsaniz buyuk ihtimalle sesi cok acmasaniz bile amfinizi yakacaksiniz. Ohm`u kavram olarak anlamaniz gerekli. Ohm degeri ne kadar kucuk olursa amfiniz kendini o kucuk degere gore serbest birakacak ve cok akim gonderecektir. Bunu yaparken kendini 8 ohml`luk bir dirence gonderdigi akimin 4 katini 2 ohm`a gonderecektir gibi aciklayabiliriz. Ben ne kadar anlatsam da seri ve paralel baglama nedir bunu mutlak bilmelisiniz. Resim koyuyorum biraz yardimci olacaktir. Resimin otesinde paralel bagladiginiz gruplari veya seri bagladiginiz gruplari birbirleri ile iki secimden birini kullanarak baska ohm degerleri yakalayabilmektesiniz. Line array denilen uzerinde 30 tane driver bile bulunan hoparlorlerin boyle yapilmaktadir. Ohmaj gruplarin birbirleri ile baglantisiyla olusturulmaktadir. Lutfen grafigi iyi inceleyiniz.
Woofers and midwoofers usually used in hifi world as 3 inches to 12 inches. I should be mentioning Ohm calculations. You have to include ohms in all crossover calculations, but when it comes to cabling you should never avoid calculating general woofer(s) ohm values. Their voice coils are so much larger and demand greater wattage from amps. Think the ohm as a wall. If the wall is 2 meters high there will be a much larger volume of water going above it. If it is 4 meters high, the amount will decrease. Water meaning amount of electricity (watts). Diagram below showing connections and groups adjusting overall ohm value. You must learn it. Line array speakers with more then 20-30 drivers always connect drivers in groups so the end value never goes under ~4 ohms. If your amp sees the values like 2 or below, it will try to race up to it and send all it has in it`s belly. Probably die in the end from overheating. How large is the ohm gets, your amp will see it as an obstacle and stays in a linear, relatively normal condition. Usually the amount is between 4~8 ohms always works. Some new class D amps like 8 ohm better , and never like to operate on 2.
Solda yeni nesil derinligi minimal driverlardan birini goruyorsunuz. Sagdaki ise kagit konisi kesiklerle duzenlenmis Scan Speak mid/wooferlardan biri. Nefis driverlar.
On top left is a new generation shallow driver, and on the right is a sliced paper cone mid/woofer Scan Speak, superb drivers in their own right.
Solda Scan Speak`in (bu markayi bilmek zorundasiniz) Classic serilerinden kagit ve fiber parcacikli driverlarindan muhtesem bir ornek, sagda ise yine nesil guya cok derin frekanslar uretebilen minik driverladan biri var. Yan yana koymak bile hakaret ama gormek lazim.
On left is a Scan Speak (you have to know this brand and I`ll probably mention it as SS in further writings) classic series paper/fiber cone driver, and right hand is a new generation mini sub driver. Probably it is an insult to put them side by side but needed.
Solda gordugunuz metalik konili driver Zellaton driverlarindan biri sanirim, Podszus`un icadi ve Alman icadi 100 seneye yakin bir formulle uretilmis woofer. Sandwich koni orneklerinin atasi ve hala muhtesem.
This is a Zellaton driver with it`s own patented cone material,invented nearly 100 years ago. A forefather of sandwich cones. Still a great driver.
Yukaridaki ornekler ise Hifi driverlari denince akla gelen ilk marka Seas Norvec`in magnezyum konili ve nextel kapli kagit konili Excel serisinden. Hazir yeri gelmisken Cone Break up nedir onu da bu iki driver ile gostereyim. Cabucak anlayabilirsiniz. Tum metal koniler (cok iyi tasarlanmis driver`lar haric) asagidaki resimlerde gordugunuz problemi ihtiva eder. Saga dogru ilerleyen frekans cizgisinin nasil birden 5500-6000hz arasinda tepe olusturdugunu gorebilirsiniz. Bu anomali yeri degisse de mutlak gozlemlenmekte. Asagidaki olcum ise Nextel olan siyah driver`a ait. Hem metale cok yakin hem gorulen o tepe yok edilmis neredeyse. Seas`in metal konilerini iyi dizginlediginizde crossover uzerinde, masrafa degip inanilmaz sonuclar vermekteler, ozellikle magnezyum koni harika derecede hifi uretebilmektedir. Aslinda pahali driver ile ucuz arasindaki fark budur. Hifi uretebilmek, yani fidelity, yani gercege yakinliktaki olculemeyen o kalite.
These two are of giant driver manufacturer Seas drivers. Gray is a magnesium cone and black one is a nextel coated version. Both from their Excel series. I have to mention abour cone breakup while talking about this drivers. All of the metal cones or very hard cones show a pike in measurement graphics around 5000khz and up. You can see it on the first graphic under. One below it is nextel coated and tamed response of the black driver. These spikes has to be dealt with and perceived as very harsh or nasal tones when playing music. Thing is magnesium drivers are great hifi producing cones and worth the price paid for correcting this anomaly. A hifi producing cone is very hard to find. You can measure everything, but can not measure musicality or reality.
Yukaridaki resimde gerizekali gibi 12 inch`lik subwoofer driverina sarilan benim. Servo denilen sisteme sahip nefis bir amfi`nin ozel driver`i. Servo`yu da hemen anlatayim; servo accelerometre (telefonunuzun icindeki bipleyen kucuk hoparlor ile vurdugunuzda akim uretebilen kucuk aletcik) ile koniden surekli olcum alarak gelen sinyali ortaya cikan sinyal ile real time karsilastirarak distortion olusmasini yani sesin bozulmasini, driver`in cok ileri geri hareket edip bobin boslugundan cikmasini onleyen sistemdir servo. Von Schweikart gibi muhtesem yetenekli muhendislerin cok pahali urunlerinde ancak gorebilirsiniz, Rel, Velodyne gibi cok meshur ama buralarda bilinmeyen sub`larin da bazi modellerinde gorebilmek mumkun.
On top is me, caressing a servo subwoofer driver. Servo systema are mostly driven by a specific type of amplifier and makes real time measurements of cone movements. Handling it within limits of xmax (maximum cone movement limit) and thus stopping distortion created by over powering. Brands like Von Schweikart, Rel, Velodyne uses this tech. For my experience I can say they are very powerful and musical in subsonic/lower bass range.
Cogu servo devresi piezo elektrik ureten bu minik ucuz seyleri kullaniyor.
Most of servo circuits are using these cheap piezo sensors to work.
Tiz unitelerine gelirsek guzel orneklerinden bir kac tane gorsel sectim. Ilki benim favorim ipek konili SS (scan speak yazmak yorucu), egzotige kacmak cok acaip seyler yapmaya calismiyorsaniz ya da dev butceniz yoksa pek gerekli degil. Koni caplari kucuk de olsa bazi unitelerin cok derin sayilabilecek frekanslara kadar inebildigini goreceksiniz. Bu hep iyiye isarettir, kalite belirtir. Cok derinden kastim 500hz gibi. Olcumde gorulebilen bu frekans degerini gercek manada o driver`a yuklerseniz cok surmeden imha olacaktir. Bakip dikkatinizi cekmesi gerekli, uygulamada olamaz. Tweeter`lari hassas kullanmalisiniz. Koni hareketini gerektiren iri frekanslar yani dalga boyu buyuk frekanslardan cogu kolaylikla zarar gorecektir. Keskin filtreli yani en az 12db gibi aciya sahip filtreler kullanmak genelde tercih edilmektedir. Ama tabii ki kesin degil, 6db filtreler akustik, faz ve time olarak en iyi sonuclari verse de 24 db hem cok pahali hem ona neredeyse denk olabilmekte. Ortalama bir tweeter genelde 2000-2500 hz arasinda crossoverlandirilir. Bu soylediklerimin hic biri kesin degildir bunu unutmayiniz. Neyse alttaki sivri konili driver ise SS`in Ring Radiator serisinden daha dogrusu koni yapisindan bir ornek. Koni`nin hareketi artik konik olmaktan cikarilmis ve merkezdeki plug`un yanindaki bolge ses uretiyor. Avantaji cok, yeni sayilabilecek bir kesif. Daha kotu ornegini gormedim desem yeridir. Vifa icadiydi sanirim ilk gorduklerim. 30$`dan 300$`a kadar fiyatlarini da gordum.
For the high frequencies I`ve selected a few beautiful ones for you. Top right is the model I`ve used on handmadehifi`s Serenity. Incredible driver without use of any ferrofluids (ferrofluid is a magnetic material invented by Nasa for cooling purposes in zero gravity. Used in drivers for same purpose.) I can say ferrofluid matters but I`ve listened to some incredible tweeters using it. Some tweeter could go very deep in frequencies. Such as Fs (starting frequency which driver starts to give sound) frequencies like 400hz. This tweeter is a good example but if you are not trying to do something extreme like me , matching a 10 inch woofer to a tweeter, not all necessary. If you do not protect your tweeter by a crossover, or a simple capacitor, on higher frequencies it will sure blow up. Tweeters are sensitive and not made for lower frequencies. Most of the time crossover circuits for these units are of 12db/octave sharp. 6db octave designs are good with phase,time and acoustically very good but might not be enough for a common tweeter to protect it from bass. 24db is nearest quality crossover design for 6db, but as the circuit rises by number, it`s components will be more and you just have to pay more. Other tweeter on left is the SS ring radiator. Some cone problems are addressed by this design, I havent heard a very bad ring radiator still. Invented by Vifa of Norway I guess. Starting from $30 to $300+.
Millenium ipek konili, ufak olan ring radiator ve yine soft dome denilen ture yakin, aslinda soft dome ipek, kumas gibi parmaginizi icine batirdiginizda mahvolan tum tweeter`lari kapsayan bir tanim,minik SS.
Frekans tepkileri iyi ama fiyatlari da iyi elbette. Yine muhendislik mantigini hatirlatsak, pahali cogu zaman iyi sekilde spesifik degerlere yakinlik, iyi bazi ozellikler demektir. Ama kullanilan parca kalitesini de artirmaniz gerekir, yine dedigim gibi secim ve feragat uzerine kurulu sistem.
These last 2 tweeters are Seas' millenium and SS' minimal form factor ring radiator. Ring radiator uses a Neodymium magnet (newest kind and the most powerful (expensive)).There are lots of alternatives for different magnet recepies and models using them of course. Millenium on the other hand uses a usual silk dome, and you shouldnt put your finger in it. Incredible hifi producing, superb driver. But again perfection comes with a price tag.
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